Differences in the stride time and lower limb joint angles and their variability during distance running between treadmill and over-ground: a crossover study

Treadmills have been used in laboratories to assess various measures related to walking and running. However, there has been some skepticism regarding their reliability as a representation of outdoor running. While marathon running has gained popularity as a form of physical activity, there have been few studies examining stride-to-stride variability after distance running, especially in relation to the duration and surface of running. This study compared stride time and lower limb joint angles during distance treadmill running and running over-ground. The hypothesis was that stride-to-stride variability would be influenced by running duration and surface, with greater variability observed during outdoor running.