ABSTRACT Recent years have seen tremendous progress in Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology. Today, certain locations provide various levels of autonomy. Constrained environments, such as airports and golf clubs, may allow fully autonomous driving (AD). Meanwhile, many public roads have started providing Vehicle‐to‐Everything (V2X) capabilities, enabling AVs with driver intervention (DI). Yet, for future scenarios without DI, low‐latency technologies, robust protocols, and secure communication mechanisms will be essential. However, dependence on computer algorithms introduces security concerns. A breach in an AV can result in serious injuries or even death. This issue requires next‐generation vehicles to implement robust security solutions to prevent malicious attacks. This study discusses state‐of‐the‐art security technologies, protocols, and organizations relevant to autonomous driving (AD) and autonomous vehicles (AVs). First, the paper explores concepts like V2X, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and collaborative security measures. Then, it will discuss the state‐of‐the‐art security studies from the perspective of misbehavior detection and collective perception. This survey fills a void in the literature (at the time of the writing). It is also a comprehensive V2X security guide on misbehavior detection, collective perception, and related technologies.
Yüce et al. (2025) studied this question.