Active acoustic metamaterials with on-demand bulk modulus and full mass density tensor

Abstract Active metamaterials address fundamental limitations of passive media and have widely been recognized as necessary in numerous compelling applications such as cloaking and extreme noise absorption. However, most practical devices of interest have yet to be realized due to the lack of a suitable strategy for implementing bulk active metamaterials—those that involve interacting cells and functionality beyond one dimension. Here, we present such an active acoustic metamaterial design with bulk modulus and anisotropic mass density that can be independently programmed over wide value ranges. We demonstrate this ability experimentally in several examples, targeting acoustic properties that are hard to access otherwise, such as a bulk modulus significantly smaller than air, strong mass density anisotropy, and complex bulk modulus and mass density for high reflectionless sound absorption. This work enables the transition of active acoustic metamaterials from isolated proof-of-concept demonstrations to versatile bulk materials.