Recent studies suggest that PD-L1 expression in immune cells, rather than tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor immunity. Trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) is a secreted protein expressed mainly by the gastrointestinal epithelium and is related to the development of malignant disease. This study investigated the effects of TFF1 on tumor immunity in a xenograft mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC).
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Jinno et al. (2024) studied this question.
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