Wnt/β-catenin Pathway, PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway, RAS/Raf/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases Pathway, and Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Colorectal Cancer Treatment and Management

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was once thought to be a rare disease, but it has now become a common, ongoing, and life-threatening disorder. The cells of the colon and rectum have been tainted by this cancerous growth. Colorectal disease is on the rise in agricultural countries as a result of a number of factors, including an aging population, unfavorable western dietary patterns, and an increase in risk factors such as alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and corpulence. For both primary and metastatic colorectal malignant growth, new methodologies have emerged. We examine the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, new cytotoxic specialties such as capecitabine and Tegafur, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, angiogenesis inhibitors, and the EGFR mutation. FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU]/leucovorin [LV] plus oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU/LV plus irinotecan) have both been shown to be effective cytotoxic medications for metastatic CRC, with typical survival rates of around 2 years. Natural agents such as Bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial development factor, a key regulator of angiogenesis) and Cetuximab/Panitumumab (monoclonal antibodies coordinated against the EGFR) were thought to be helpful for cytotoxic treatment. Patients with CRC should keep receiving foundational chemotherapy, which includes 5-FU/LV infusions. In this article, we focused on various pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, RAS/Raf/EGFR/mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway, and nuclear factor kappa B pathway and their importance’s in CRC treatment and management.