Gynaecological health patterns and motherhood experiences of female professional football players

Aims To explore health patterns in female professional football players in the domains of gynaecological health patterns, contraceptive use, body perception and motherhood experiences, including return to play after childbirth. Methods An online questionnaire was emailed to active female professional football players via email. Participants were asked about their menstrual cycle,contraception use and motherhood. Validated questionnaires were used to assess body dissatisfaction (BD) and drive for thinness (DT). Results A total of 74 female professional football players were enrolled. The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years, average cycle length of 26 days and a bleeding period of 5 days. Cycle irregularities were experienced by 30% of participants, and menstrual symptoms by 74%. Half of the participants used contraceptives, with 60% using hormonal contraceptives, primarily oral contraceptive pills (38%), followed by implants (20%). Participants had a normal BD score, but a higher-than-expected DT score. The motherhood rate was low (1%), with normal conception, vaginal delivery, return to training after 6 weeks, and return to competition after 12 weeks. Conclusion Cycle irregularities are common in female professional football players, with a significant number of cycle-related symptoms. The majority on contraceptives preferred hormonal contraceptives, especially oral contraceptive pills (OCP) followed by implants, reflecting trends seen in elite athletes gynaecological health. While body satisfaction scores were normal, there was an unexpectedly high drive-for-thinness score, similar to that observed in lean or weight-category sports. The rate of motherhood was low, consistent with previous findings in professional football players. What is already known on this topic Elite female athletes have unique challenges related to their menstrual cycle and symptoms. Elite athletes use mostly hormonal contraceptives, predominantly the OCP. They often have to choose between professional sports and motherhood. What this study adds Our findings show some similarities to other to other elite female athletes: 30% have menstrual irregularities. 74% have negative menstrual symptoms. Motherhood is low. Our participants have a high drive for thinness. How this study might affect research, practice or policy This descriptive study is a basis for more prospective and epidemiological research in this cohort that has been established. More research will be stimulated in the domains of menstrual symptoms and coping strategies, choice of contraception and motherhood. This study should also stimulate communications regarding player contracts and maternity benefits, and include after career support for female professional football players.