The Lake equation as a supercritical mean-field limit

We study so-called supercritical mean-field limits of systems of trapped particles moving according to Newton's second law with either Coulomb/super-Coulomb or regular interactions, from which we derive a d-dimensional generalization of the Lake equation, which coincides with the incompressible Euler equation in the simplest setting, for monokinetic data. This supercritical mean-field limit may also be interpreted as a combined mean-field and quasineutral limit, and our assumptions on the rates of these respective limits are shown to be optimal. Our work provides a mathematical basis for the universality of the Lake equation in this scaling limit -- a new observation -- in the sense that the dependence on the interaction and confinement is only through the limiting spatial density of the particles. Our proof is based on a modulated-energy method and takes advantage of regularity theory for the obstacle problem for the fractional Laplacian.