Comprehensive evaluation and prediction of groundwater quality and risk indices using quantitative approaches, multivariate analysis, and machine learning models: An exploratory study

Assessing and predicting quality of groundwater is crucial in managing groundwater availability effectively. In the current study, groundwater quality was thoroughly appraised using various indexing methods, including the drinking water quality index (DWQI), pollution index of heavy metals (HPI), pollution index (PI), metal index (MI), degree of contamination (C