Navigating Choppy Waters: why are we always arguing about risk and uncertainty in marine multi-use environments and what can we do about it?

Arguments about risk and uncertainty are prevalent in marine decision making. Different, often invisible, starting positions of those involved – regarding world views, academic disciplines and positionality – are often responsible. Broadly agreed collective outcomes depend on uncovering these influences. In this article we prioritise navigating multiplicity and plurality rather than constraining them. An iterative cycle of reflection and an openness to make changes are central. However, such a cycle must consider how risk assessment tools open or close possible futures, how evidence is best presented to decision makers, and how mātaurangaMāori is reshaping risk perceptions and is the decisive intervention in creating improved decision-making spaces.