Opiate-Induced Epigenetic Changes and Associated Effects on Drug Addiction Behaviors

Opioid abuse and addiction, in its many forms, poses a threat to the health and the livelihoods of many, with nearly 645,000 deaths occurring as a result of opioid overdose to date. This review focuses on the functions of four neurotransmitters–glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), and opioid receptors–and their role in addiction-related behaviors. In particular, the complex function of epigenetic modifications–specifically DNA methylation and histone acetylation–in mediating the neural changes that underlie opioid addiction are of concern. These epigenetic modifications are linked to the development of common symptoms relating to drug abuse, including craving, loss of control, and withdrawal. Understanding these modifications offers a nuanced view into how opiates disrupt the neurobiological landscape.