Cross-linked agarose-gelatine beads as a substrate for investigating biofilms of bacterial pathogens

Treating chronic bacterial infections is challenging due to the formation of biofilms, making bacteria less susceptible to antimicrobials. In vitro models have limitations in replicating biofilm physiology. To address this problem, we have created a hydrogel substrate that combines crosslinked agarose and gelatine presented as beads, providing stability and resistance to autoclaving. Bacterial pathogens rapidly colonise these biogel beads when submerged in liquid culture. The substrate was tested with Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus , showing more robust biofilm growth than its glass bead counterpart. Additionally, this led to increased virulence factor production and served as a reservoir for biofilm quorum sensing molecules. These features closely resemble clinical situations, suggesting a more accurate representation of biofilm-associated infections than current approaches. This new substrate offers a practical and convenient model for studying biofilms of bacterial pathogens, providing an efficient solution to the research community and holding promise for future breakthroughs.