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Drought and heatwave are the primary climate extremes for vegetation productivity loss in the global temperate semi-arid grassland, challenging the ecosystem productivity stability in these areas. Previous studies have indicated a significant decline in the resistance of global grassland productivity to drought, but we still lack a systematic understanding of the mechanisms determining the spatiotemporal variations in grassland resistance to drought and heatwave. In this study, we focused on temperate semi-arid grasslands of China (TSGC) to assess the spatiotemporal variations of grassland productivity resistance to different climate extremes: compound dry-hot events, individual drought events, and individual heatwave events that occurred during 2000-2019. Based on the explainable machine learning model, we explored the resistance to the interaction of drought and heatwave and identify the dominant factors determining the spatiotemporal variations in resistance. The results revealed that grassland resistance to climate extremes had decreased in Xilingol Grassland and Mu Us Sandy Land, and had a not significant increase in Otindag Desert during 2000-2019. Human activities and the increase in CO
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