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October 8, 2025Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics1 citationsOpen Access

Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Performance of a New Copper Complex Based on 3,4,5‐Trinitro‐1H‐pyrazole

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AAAshfaq AfsarXLXiaojiao LiuPMPatrick McMaster

Key Points

  • The new copper complex demonstrates a high energy output while maintaining thermal stability.
  • Practical applications may benefit from its low sensitivity to friction and electrostatic discharge.
  • Characterization techniques include proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.
  • This innovative material may significantly reduce particulate emissions from traditional lead-based initiators.

Abstract

ABSTRACT The urgent need for environmentally benign initiators is driving the innovation of nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐rich materials that serve as powerful oxidizing agents, minimizing particulate emissions and replacing toxic metals such as lead. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new copper complex based on the trinitropyrazolate (TNP – ) ligand—ammonium copper ( tetrakis )trinitropyrazolate (NH 4 + ) 2 Cu II (TNP − ) 4 . The complex was fully characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, and small‐scale hazard testing. Notwithstanding its rather high sensitivity to impact, based on its high thermal stability, high energy output, low hygroscopicity, and its relatively low sensitivity to friction and electrostatic discharge, it offers the potential as a replacement material for current lead‐based initiators for particular applications.

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Cite This Study

Afsar et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68e5c1be6950a706b22b5718https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.70057
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