Distribution of CR and NANA metabolite levels in former and current smoker cases. Violin plots were used to depict the summary statistics and the density of each variable in different groups within the (A) exploratory cohort and (B) validation cohort. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; ns, not significant; x͂ = median.
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Dalal et al. (2024) studied this question.
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