Atoms and Void: Does Atomic Theory Have Anything to Say to Chemists in the 21ˢᵗ Century?

Although the theory of atomism was postulated by Greek philosophers, such as Democritus, Epicurus, and Leucippus 2500 years ago, it remains inspiring for chemists. It is worth considering how this theory, without scientific evidence, could so closely correlate with conclusions derived from experimental results achieved by physicists and chemists since the 19th century. Physics has refuted the notion of the indivisibility of atoms; on the other hand, subatomic particles no longer carry the qualitative attributes of matter. Despite these advancements, the theory of atomism remains relevant from the perspective of an experimental chemist who works daily with atoms, ions, and molecules. The theory of atomism was brought back into focus with the advent of Dalton, who adapted the concept of atoms to modern scientific knowledge. This paper provides a brief historical overview of the development of atomistic theory, contemplating its relevance to the current chemical understanding of atoms and their properties. Synthesizing these perspectives, it becomes evident that modern science essentially confirms the insights of ancient atomists, originally conceived through reason and rational deliberation.