Optimal encoding strategies for turbulence quantification of undersampled 4D flow MRI

We expand a previously developed pipeline for generation of synthetic 4D flow MRI of turbulent flows to account for realistic k-space filling and add an MR temporal averaging component to the simulations. We show that temporal averaging in typical undersampled 4D flow MRI is imperfect, leading to inherent scan-to-scan variations of measured turbulence fields. We demonstrate how encoding schemes, when designed appropriately, allow to significantly reduce scan-to-scan variability, increasing the confidence on MRI measurements.