Autonomous 5D-flow with Radial k-Space Sampling

Autonomous acquisition of radial k-space data improves sample uniformity in 2D cardiac MRI. We aim to extend this approach to 5D-flow imaging (4D flow with respiratory gating). We have simulated data acquisition using an autonomous approach (ARKS) and compared it to golden-angle (GA) based spiral phyllotaxis acquisition. Simulations were based on physiologic data recorded from pediatric patients undergoing conventional 4D flow imaging. We found that a 4.5 min ARKS scan achieves a higher degree of sampling uniformity than an 8 min GA scan. Future work will focus on implementing 5D-flow ARKS in vivo and evaluating the impact on flow accuracy.