This study proposed a novel algorithm for designing multidimensional RF in spin-domain using auto-differentiation in PyTorch. Our algorithm uses spin-domain description of rotations to formulate the RF pulse design into optimization problems. We designed 3D refocusing pulses and verified the performance using spin-echo based sequences in phantom at 1.5T and in vivo in the brain at 3T.
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Yang et al. (2024) studied this question.
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