How do higher education staff understand the terms hybrid, hyflex, and blended learning? Choice, modality, and uncertainty.

The rapid shift to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the use of terms like hybrid, hyflex, and blended learning within higher education. However, the meaning ascribed to these terms is often inconsistent and can lead to confusion, making it difficult to set expectations clearly for both staff and students. This study aimed to investigate how higher education staff understand and use these terms and to identify sources of confusion and barriers to adopting standardised definitions. We surveyed 152 higher education staff and asked them to provide definitions of each term as well as completing a categorisation task. An applied thematic analysis identified two factors that were present across definitions: choice (no choice, student choice, choice not specified) and modality (mixed but separate, dual delivery, mixed not otherwise specified)). Our findings reveal significant discrepancies in understanding, particularly regarding hybrid learning, which was often conflated with other modalities and involved definitions where neither choice nor modality was clearly specified. Blended learning was most consistently defined and identified as involving separate online and in-person components with no student choice as to the modality in which they could engage with each component. HyFlex learning, despite being less familiar to many participants, was accurately associated with dual delivery and maximum student choice. Our results underscore the need for clearer terminology and for all stakeholders to provide maximally descriptive definitions. The use of any broad category term should be accompanied by a specific definition that at minimum describes choice and modality, but where best practice would be to encompass additional information based on existing frameworks.