Comparison of achievement in mathematics content domains of TIMSS and PISA using the Propensity Score Matching Method

Objectives By comparing and analyzing the scores of each mathematics content domain in TIMSS and PISA, which are representative international comparative studies, we aim to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Korean students in specific content domains. Methods We analyzed the average achievement of each country's mathematics content domain. For a more in-depth comparison, we matched Korean students with foreign students who have similar math scores and ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status Index) using the propensity scoring matching method, and compared their scores in each content domain one-on-one. Results The analysis of PISA 2022 and TIMSS 2019 showed consistent results across both the average analysis by mathematics domain and the propensity score matching method. Korean students scored higher in geometry compared to other domains, while their performance in probability and statistics was relatively low. Conclusions The strength of Korean students in geometry may be related to the shift away from rigorous geometry education centered on deductive reasoning towards using various justification beyond proof. The low achievement in probability and statistics is connected to the fact that statistics education remains knowledge-centered and isolated from real-life contexts. There is a need to enhance statistical knowledge through experiences in statistical problem solving, which includes setting problems, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.