Preventive measures for urolithiasis

Treatment and prevention of urolithiasis is one of the most urgent problems of modern medicine. According to current data, the cost of providing care to patients with ICD is approximately $ 2–5 billion per year. Currently, inhibitors of the formation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones are known, however, inhibitors of uric acid crystallization have not been found to this day. The most well-known and studied inhibitors are citrate and magnesium. In addition, urine contains a number of inhibitors of crystal formation, such as inorganic pyrophosphate, chondroitin sulfate, nephrocalcin, Tamm — Horsfall protein, osteopontin, uropontin and inter-α-trypsin. Citrate is an important inhibitor that reduces the formation of calcium stones by combining with calcium, thereby reducing the saturation of urine with calcium.