Behaviors, trajectories and data: A novel perspective on the design of unknown-input observers

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel perspective, based on Willems' "behavior theory", on the design of an unknown-input observer for a given linear time-invariant discrete-time state-space model, with unknown disturbances affecting both the state and the output equations. The problem is first addressed assuming that the original system model is known, and later assuming that the model is unknown but historical data satisfying a certain assumption are available. In both cases, fundamental concepts in behavior theory, as the projection of a behavior, the inclusion of a behavior in another one, and the use of kernel and image representations, provide quite powerful tools to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an unknown-input observer (UIO), as well as algorithms to design one of them, if it exists.