Effects of 3D ultrasonography and 3D printed images on maternal-fetal attachment and its correlation with overall smoking within pregnancy: A pilot study

Abstract Background Smoking in pregnancy continues to cause significant morbidity to mothers and babies and contributes to tremendous costs to society. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) may differentiate smokers who quit or pregnant smokers from non-smokers. Researchers have recommended utilizing interventions that improve MFA to help decrease smoking within pregnancy. Methods We performed a randomized clinical trial of pregnant smokers (n = 33) using an MFA-informed, intention-to-treat protocol. We recruited pregnant smokers and provided timeline follow back (TLFB) interviews from 27 weeks of pregnancy until 6 weeks post-partum. Salivary cotinine was also collected at five different time points. 3D ultrasonography was performed, and patients were randomly assigned a 3D picture or a 3D model of their fetus. Results Overall, the average percent reduction in cigarette use was 37.03% (SD = 31.18). The main effect of 3D type was not significant (3D Model vs. 3D Print Estimate = -0.09, 95% CI: − 0.19 to 0.01, p = 0.066). A total of 4 patients (12%) quit smoking within one week of delivery. A 10% reduction in cigarette use was associated with a 30.57 g increase in birth weight (Estimate = 30.57, 95% CI: -14.15 to 75.29); a 10% reduction in cigarette use was associated with a 0.14 week increase in estimate gestational age at delivery (Estimate = 0.14, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.28). Conclusions Patients who smoke in pregnancy decrease the number of cigarettes smoked after receiving either a 3D picture or 3D model of their fetus. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04541121)