Characteristics and causes of groundwater level dynamics in the Changji oasis on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, China

This study examines groundwater level dynamics in China's Changji Oasis, using data from 126 wells (2000–2020). The ordinary kriging method and Pearson correlation analysis reveal a significant decline in groundwater levels, especially in irrigated areas. Between 2000 and 2020, shallow groundwater areas decreased by 71.41%, while deeper areas expanded. Human activities, notably for agricultural expansion, are the main cause. The study calls for developing alternative water sources, enhancing water resource management, promoting water-saving practices, and fostering public awareness to sustainably manage groundwater resources.