Additional outlet occlusion as an important factor in avoiding retreatment after transvenous embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas

Transvenous embolization (TVE), such as selective shunt occlusion, is the first line treatment for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (CSDAVF). Despite the favorable outcomes of TVE, some cases necessitating retreatment due to recurrence or incomplete occlusion persist. Given the physical, psychological, and financial burden of multiple treatments, understanding the predictive factors for recurrence, spontaneous occlusion, or retreatment is important. However, few reports have addressed these factors, complicating decision making regarding the need for retreatment. This study analyzed predictive factors for retreatment and spontaneous occlusion to offer new insights into CSDAVF management.