Probing secular changes in the gravitational constant with white dwarf spectra

Exploring variations in fundamental physics constants across cosmological space-time is of substantial importance in both theoretical and experimental physics. A crucial means of investigating such variations involves comparing laboratory measurements with astrophysical observations. In the present study, we employ a combination of laboratory data and observed Lyman transitions of H₂ H 2 identified in the white dwarf star GD133. Through this examination, we find the temporal variation of the gravitational constant, Ġ/G = (0.016 ± 0.098) × 10⁻¹⁵~year⁻¹ G ˙ / G = ( 0.016 ± 0.098 ) × 10 - 15 year - 1 with a gravitational potential φ ≈ 10⁴, ϕ ≈ 10 4 , and an average total redshift of H₂, H 2 , zabs =0.0001820(10). z abs = 0.0001820 ( 10 ) . This newly determined constraint on the time variation of G serves as an important tool for advancing discussions within unified theories.