Audiomotor temporal recalibration modulates criterion of self-agency but not sensitivity: Exploration through an online experiment and hierarchical Bayesian modeling

This online experiment aimed to replicate Sugano's (2021) investigation of temporal recalibration (TR) on the sense of agency (SoA) using delayed auditory feedback following voluntary actions. In the adaptation phase, participants were asked to reproduce a short sequence of tone pips with equal intervals by pressing a key. The delay of each tone pip relative to the keypress was either 10 ms (baseline) or 110 ms (delayed). Following adaptation, the participants were asked to reproduce the sequence once more. During this period, the delay was fixed at 10 ms, and there was a 50% probability that the computer would assume control of the tone pips from the participants. Participants judged, depending on their group assignment, whether they controlled the tones (agency judgment: AJ) or whether their keypresses were synchronous with the tones (simultaneity judgment: SJ). Analysis of SJ and AJ relative to the mean asynchrony between keypress and tone revealed a shift in the center of the temporal window of simultaneity (TWS) and the temporal window of agency (TWA), replicating Sugano (2021). Consistent with Sugano (2021), Bayesian hierarchical signal detection theory (SDT) analysis for AJ revealed a criterion change but no change in sensitivity to agency perception. These results suggest that the online experiment successfully replicated the core findings of Sugano's (2021) in-person experiment.