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Ordinary 3D Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data are model-dependent, requiring the assumption of a cosmological model to calculate comoving distances during data reduction. Throughout the present-day literature, the assumed model is CDM. However, this assumption can be inadequate when analyzing alternative cosmologies, potentially biasing the Hubble constant (H₀) low, thus contributing to the Hubble tension. To address this issue, we use model-independent 2D BAO data and compare the results to those obtained using 3D BAO data. As a concrete example, we investigate the cosmological models provided by bimetric gravity, a modified theory of gravity that transitions from a negative cosmological constant in the early universe to a positive one in the late universe. By combining 2D BAO data with cosmic microwave background and type Ia supernovae data, we find that the inverse distance ladder in this theory yields a Hubble constant of H₀ = (71. 0 0. 9) \, km/s/Mpc, consistent with the SH0ES local distance ladder measurement of H₀ = (73. 0 1. 0) \, km/s/Mpc. Replacing 2D BAO with 3D BAO results in H₀ = (68. 6 0. 5) \, km/s/Mpc from the inverse distance ladder. We conclude that the choice of BAO data significantly impacts the Hubble tension, with ordinary 3D BAO data exacerbating the tension, while 2D BAO data provides results consistent with the local distance ladder.
Dwivedi et al. (Fri,) studied this question.