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Purpose This paper addresses inconsistencies in how language learner autonomy has been understood. A novel conceptual framework of Emergent Language Learner Autonomy (ELLA) is proposed, reconceiving it within Complex Dynamic Systems Theory. ELLA aims at a comprehensive conceptual understanding of language learner autonomy, an explanatory foundation for enhancing empowerment of educational stakeholders.
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Thomas Stringer (2024) studied this question.
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