The nineteenth century evolution of the threshing machine in Britain

Manual farm work with the traditional flail, beating out grain from the sheaf-corn, was an arduous, labour-intensive task. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, machines (driven by water, wind or horse-power) started to take over—firstly in Scotland and northern England, then further south. Farm workers, losing their winter-time employment with the flail, rose up in 1830 in anger against the machines. Their riots and disorder were violently repressed and threshing machine development resumed. New machines were proudly displayed at the 1851 Great Exhibition. Improvements over the following years concentrated on steam-powered machines, and on achieving better power utilisation and cleaner grain separation. Competitive trials—and careful measurements of efficiency—played a major role in machine development. The threshing machine became a widely visible symbol of technological progress in agriculture and contributed substantially to Britain's growing agricultural engineering industry.