Observations of High Definition Symmetric Quasi‐Periodic Scintillations in the Mid‐Latitude Ionosphere With LOFAR

Abstract We present broadband ionospheric scintillation observations of highly defined symmetric quasi‐periodic scintillations (QPS: Maruyama, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/91rs00357 ) caused by plasma structures in the mid‐latitude ionosphere using the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR: van Haarlem et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004‐6361/201220873 ). Two case studies are shown, one from 15 December 2016, and one from 30 January 2018, in which well‐defined main signal fades are observed to be bounded by secondary diffraction fringing. The ionospheric plasma structures effectively behave as a Fresnel obstacle, in which steep plasma gradients at the periphery result in a series of decreasing intensity interference fringes, while the center of the structures largely block the incoming radio signal altogether. In particular, the broadband observing capabilities of LOFAR permit us to see considerable frequency dependent behavior in the QPSs which, to our knowledge, is a new result. We extract some of the clearest examples of scintillation arcs reported in an ionospheric context, from delay‐Doppler spectral analysis of these two events. These arcs permit the extraction of propagation velocities for the plasma structures causing the QPSs ranging from 50 to 00 m s −1 , depending on the assumed altitude. The spacing between the individual plasma structures ranges between 5 and 20 km. The periodicities of the main signal fades in each event and, in the case of the 2018 data, co‐temporal ionosonde data, suggest the propagation of the plasma structures causing the QPSs are in the E‐region. Each of the two events is accurately reproduced using a thin screen phase model. Individual signal fades and enhancements were modeled using small variations in total electron content (TEC) amplitudes of order 1 mTECu, demonstrating the sensitivity of LOFAR to very small fluctuations in ionospheric plasma density. To our knowledge these results are among the most detailed observations and modeling of QPSs in the literature.