Earth as a potential source of life For Europa's subsurface ocean

The paper discusses the possibility of dust particles containing living bacteria ejected from Earth, reaching Europa and landing on its surface. It is shown that, taking certain factors into account, over a period of (30-80) Myr (the estimated age of Europa's ocean), Jupiter's moon would have been impacted by approximately 3× 10²³ to 8× 10²³ particles in total, within which a bacterium could have survived. In this paper we discuss the possibility of dust grains entering liquid water beneath the surface.