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Abstract The present study is about vast domain of water quality analysis, encompassing a comprehensive exploration of physical, chemical parameters and heavy metals i.e., Cadmium and lead, which determined the quality and composition of drinking water of 45 WASA filtration plants in Rawalpindi. All the physical parameters EC, TDS, salinity, and pH were calculated on site through field kits and chemical and ionic parameters were analyzed in the laboratory using various techniques of titrations and spectrophotometry. Water quality index was determined using all the parameters. Health risk assessment of heavy metals was done and Health Index for both children and adults were determined following the standard protocol of USEPA. For social and economic evaluation of plants interview was hold with the institute and a questionnaire survey was done to know the responses of public. Spatial distribution, variations of different parameters was shown in spatial maps made in ArcGIS by ESRI. Results showed elevated levels of lead and cadmium above the standards of WHO suggesting 21 % of plants are risky for public health. WQI results revealed that 40% of samples were of excellent quality and 13% showed very poor quality. Results of Ionic trends indicated high levels of Ca2+, HCO3- Mg2+ and Cl-. Cations show Ca2+ >Mg2+>Na+ while anions show HCO3->Cl->SO42->NO3>PO43- trend. From social survey it was found that there is contradiction between public perception and WASA operation. With overuse of water and growing population groundwater table is going down therefore water is supply twice a day for 4 hours. The findings illuminate the importance of continuous observance and systematic management of water systems. The study’s recommendations encompass a holistic monitoring approach, tailored treatment strategies, community empowerment, infrastructure upgrades, regulatory oversight, research-driven innovation, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Implementation of these strategies promises transformative outcomes, securing the purity and availability of water resources for a healthier and more prosperous future. In our role as custodians of this invaluable asset, it is our shared responsibility to safeguard its sanctity and sustain its vitality.
Hussain et al. (Thu,) studied this question.