Resolution on Bringing to the Administrative Liability as an Administrative Act (on the Example of Legal Systems of Russia, Germany and Austria)

The article deals with the qualification of decisions on the imposition of administrative penalties, which are made by non-judicial authorities, as administrative acts. An assertion is made that it is rather arbitrary whether such a decision is an administrative act or not, as in different legal systems, related though they are, such decisions are regarded differently. Legal regulations on this issue in Russian, German and Austrian law are described.