Patterns of substance use and initiation timing in adults with substance abuse: a comparison between those with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, persisting into adulthood in 60% of cases, with an adult age prevalence rate of 4%. substance use disorder (SUD) is a recognized comorbidity with significant social and financial implications, necessitating detailed investigation.