Optoelectronic properties of perovskite thin films derived from lead sulfide via radio frequency magnetron sputtering: effect of the substrate temperature

Methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ; MAPbI 3 ) films were fabricated from sputtered lead sulfide (PbS) films prepared at various substrate temperatures according to the Thornton structural zone model. PbS films were converted to lead iodide (PbI 2 ) and finally to MAPbI 3 in a two-step gas-phase reaction. The increase in substrate temperature caused the morphology to change to fibrous interconnected grains, which played an important role in improving the optoelectrical properties of perovskite films. Moreover, enhanced charge transport of MAPbI 3 films was observed owing to the fibrous interconnected PbI 2 precursor, which was confirmed by a higher absorption coefficient and longer carrier lifetime.