Vehicle-to-grid response to a frequency contingency in a national grid – successes and shortcomings

Abstract Vehicle-to-grid technology enables electric vehicles to contribute their large batteries and high (dis)charging powers to power systems reserves. Here we report the first demonstration of a fleet of vehicles discharging to support system security after a frequency contingency in a national grid. Our results highlight the potential of vehicle-to-grid, with vehicles discharging within 6 seconds of the contingency event, and shortcomings, with vehicles recommencing charging before the power system had fully recovered.