Synergistic action of gemcitabine and celecoxib in promoting the antitumor efficacy of anti-programmed death-1 monoclonal antibody by triggering immunogenic cell death

Emerging evidence suggests that immunogenic chemotherapy not only kills tumor cells but also improves the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to sustained anti-tumor effects. The lack of ICD inducers explored in lung cancer necessitates investigation into new inducers for this context, therefore, this study aims to explore whether the gemcitabine (GEM) and celecoxib can activate the immunogenic chemotherapy progress in lung cancer tissue.