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Randomness and uncertainty are the outstanding characteristics of renewable energy, and the extremely high proportion of distributed renewable energy connected to the grid is bound to cause a serious impact. To comprehensively consider the uncertainty of renewable energy, the probability density function of distributed new energy is used to represent its output level. In addition, due to the geographical proximity of distributed new energy sources, there is a correlation between the output of distributed renewable energy sources. The copula function is used to denote the relation between their generation. Then, the method is verified by the IEEE 34-bus system.
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Zhang et al. (2024) studied this question.
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