Measuring Feature Dependency of Neural Networks by Collapsing Feature Dimensions in The Data Manifold

This paper introduces a new technique to measure the feature dependency of neural network models.The motivation is to better understand a model by querying whether it is using information from human-understandable features, e.g., anatomical shape, volume, or image texture.Our method is based on the principle that if a model is dependent on a feature, then removal of that feature should significantly harm its performance.A targeted feature is "removed" by collapsing the dimension in the data distribution that corresponds to that feature.We perform this by moving data points along the feature dimension to a baseline feature value while staying on the data manifold, as estimated by a deep generative model.Then we observe how the model's performance changes on the modified test data set, with the target feature dimension removed.We test our method on deep neural network models trained on synthetic image data with known ground truth, an Alzheimer's disease prediction task using MRI and hippocampus segmentations from the OASIS-3 dataset [1], and a cell nuclei classification task using the Lizard dataset [2]. INTRODUCTIONDeep neural networks (DNNs) have shown great success in many medical imaging tasks but lack transparency in their decision-making processes.This is particularly problematic in medical applications of deep learning for at least two reasons.First, for a deep learning system to be trustworthy when making health care decisions, it is critical that its decision rules be explainable and plausible to a medical expert.Second, in clinical research it is often important to derive understanding of a biological process.