Location-scale modeling as an integrative approach to symptom dynamics during psychotherapy: An illustration with depressive symptoms.

Depressive symptom dynamics, including change trajectories and symptom variability, have been related to therapy outcomes. However, such dynamics have often been examined separately and related to outcomes of interest using two-step analyses, which are characterized by several limitations. Here, we show how to overcome these limitations using location-scale models in a dynamic structural equation modeling framework.