Key Fob Replay Attacks on Personal Vehicles: Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies

This paper explores the intricacies of modern key fobs, focusing on their underlying technology, security features, and communication interfaces. It also examines the diverse communication links utilized by these key fobs. Additionally, it addresses the critical implementation of rolling codes in contemporary cars, ensuring synchronized signal reception, and further examines the KEELOQ code hopping technology, vital for secure remote keyless entry systems, replacing less secure fixed code devices, as well as the Ultimate version of the same code hopping technology for further securing of the rolling code mechanism. Later, the paper delves into exploiting vulnerabilities within modern key fob systems and finally ways of mitigation.