Duality Theory of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters: A Technical Reassessment

This paper presents a technical reassessment of the duality theory of grid-forming and grid-following inverters, which are pivotal in modern power systems integrating renewable energy sources. Grid-forming inverters actively regulate voltage and frequency, enabling islanded operation, while grid-following inverters synchronize with the grid's voltage and frequency. We systematically analyze the operational principles, control strategies, and dynamic behaviors of both inverter types. The paper highlights the duality in their functions, emphasizing the complementary roles they play in enhancing grid stability, reliability, and resilience. Through detailed simulations and case studies, we explore the practical implications of this duality theory, providing insights into optimal deployment strategies for hybrid power systems. This research aims to advance the understanding of inverter technologies and their integration into future smart grids.