Cloud seeding in the Middle East: a problematic solution to freshwater shortage

Several Middle Eastern states seed clouds to help overcome the problem of deficit in freshwater supply. The global result of cloud seeding is far from certain, but Middle Eastern states are prepared to take the risk to increase their freshwater resource. There is no agreement between the stakeholders. Iran accuses several upwind states of stealing its clouds and reducing its rain. This paper looks at the cloud-seeding operations in the world with a focus on the Middle East. Cloud seeding is far from certain and it creates security concerns for downwind states or regions. International regulation seems to be required after a large-scale review of all the evidence from cloud-seeding endeavours.