GelMA hydrogel: A game-changer in 3D tumor modeling

Currently, researchers have increasingly focused on 3D in vitro tumor models as they possess the capacity to replicate tissue-like characteristics and cell-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Hydrogel, a hydrophilic polymer network that crosslinks in a 3D structure, has emerged as a prominent cynosure due to its ability to absorb water, swell, and provide attachment sites for cells. By mimicking the extracellular matrix, hydrogel facilitates the investigation of cell growth and cell-cell interaction. The gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel has garnered significant interest in the scientific community due to its ability to be mechanically adjusted and its exceptional biocompatibility. This review primarily focuses on the recent advancements in the construction methodology of 3D tumor models utilizing GelMA hydrogel, including the preparation procedures, tumor attributes, and performance enhancements. Furthermore, we offer insights into the prospective directions for the advancement of GelMA hydrogels. It is anticipated that GelMA hydrogels will find extensive application in the near future for the precise fabrication of tumor models with diverse geometries. These models are poised to become the preferred option for investigating the tumor microenvironment, tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, and related mechanisms.