500 resolved particles, colored by their temperature, are suspended in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection at a Rayleigh number of 10⁷. The lines are streamlines colored according to the fluid vertical velocity. Near the cell bottom, the fluid circulation pushes the particles from the base of the descending to that of the ascending plume where they accumulate into a dune. The particles that follow are dragged up the dune acquiring a vertical velocity component which promotes their resuspension. The lift force plays no role in this process. Depending on the particle number (from 500 to 3000) up to 20% of the fluid gravitational energy can be transferred to the particles.
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Chen et al. (2024) studied this question.
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