PD-L1 intrinsically promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells through the SKP2-p27/p21 axis

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Background PD-L1 intrinsically promotes tumor progression through multiple mechanisms, which potentially leads to resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. The intrinsic effect of PD-L1 on breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation has not been fully elucidated. Methods we used proteomics, gene expression knockdown (KD), quantitative immunofluorescence (qIF), western blots, functional assays including colony-forming assay (CFA) and real-time cell analyzer (RTCA), and in vivo data using immunohistochemistry in breast cancer patients . Results PD-L1 promoted BC cell proliferation by accelerating cell cycle entry at the G1-to-S phase transition. Global proteomic analysis of the differentially expressed nuclear proteins indicated the involvement of several proliferation-related molecules, including p21 CIP1/WAF1 . Western blotting and qIF demonstrated the higher expression of SKP2 and the lower expression of p21 CIP1/WAF1 and p27 Kip1 in PD-L1 expressing (PD-L1 pos ) cells as compared to PD-L1 KD (PD-L1 KD ) cells. Xenograft-derived cells and the TCGA BC dataset confirmed this relationship in vivo. Functionally, CFA and RTCA demonstrated the central role of SKP2 in promoting PD-L1-mediated proliferation. Finally, immunohistochemistry in 74 breast cancer patients confirmed PD-L1 and SKP-p21/p27 axis relationship, as it showed a highly statistically significant correlation between SKP2 and PD-L1 expression ( p < 0.001), and both correlated significantly with the proliferation marker Ki-67 ( p < 0.001). On the other hand, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between PD-L1 and p21 CIP1/WAF1 expression ( p = 0.005). Importantly, double negativity for p21 CIP1/WAF1 and p27 Kip1 correlated significantly with PD-L1 ( p < 0.001), SKP2 ( p = 0.002), and Ki-67 ( p = 0.002). Conclusions we have demonstrated the role of the SKP2-p27/p21 axis in intrinsic PD-L1-enhanced cell cycle progression. Inhibitors of SKP2 expression can alleviate resistance to ICPIs.