Intelligent Design and Modeling of Low-Loss Millimeter-Wave Wideband Bandpass Filter in InP Technology With Cryogenic Performance Analysis

In this study, an on-chip mm-wave ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) is designed utilizing the hybrid whale grey wolf optimization (HWGWO) algorithm. The on-chip BPF performance is evaluated at two distinct temperatures: 300 K and 77 K. A comparative analysis of the filter's frequency responses at these two temperatures is performed. The findings reveal an improvement of 0.12 dB in the in-band insertion loss and a shift in the operational frequency by approximately 0.3 GHz at 77 K compared to 300 K. Additionally, the HWGWO is employed to globally extract the parameters of the filter's equivalent circuit model at both 300 K and 77 K, yielding insights into the variations in the corresponding parameters across this temperature range.1