Formation Mechanism and Morphology Evolution of β-NaYF₄ Single Microcrystals in Hydrothermal Process

Lanthanide-doped upconversion (Ln-doped UC) materials with predicable phase and geometry are attractive for their promising application in optics and biological. Herein, we report a facile strategy for deterministic synthesis of β -NaYF 4 microcrystals by an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) assisted hydrothermal process. The nucleation and growth process of the β -NaYF 4 microcrystals have been experimentally revealed with different hydrothermal times. The phase and geometry of as-obtained crystals can be well manipulated by the experimental parameters such as pH values, precursors’ ratio, and reactant concentrations. The formation and morphology evolution mechanism of β -NaYF 4 single microcrystals can be qualitatively analyzed using energy minimization principles under the thermodynamic and kinetic control. In addition, we presented the colour-changing up-conversion of Tm 3+ and Yb 3+ doped single β -NaYF 4 microrod. Our work could help the understanding on crystal growth and design of rare earth fluoride mateirals at micro and nanoscale.