Synthesis of low dimensional nanomaterials by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

With the increasing application of functional nanomaterials in numerous fields, considerable effort has been devoted to exploring simple and efficient methods for their synthesis. Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is one such novel technique for producing colloidal nanomaterials. It is simple to setup, easy to operate, and can be carried out at room temperature and under atmosphere. This method employs a pulsed laser beam to ablate bulk targets or powders within different liquids, thereby creating colloidal nanomaterials. As a result, it holds significant promise for scalable processing. However, most prior research on PLAL has focused on the synthesis of larger spherical nanoparticles, even though low-dimensional nanomaterials, including zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanowires and nanotubes, and two-dimensional nanosheets and nanobelts, find more usage in various applications, such as optoelectronic devices, catalysis, and biomedicine. In the PLAL process, the high-intensity laser pulses not only fragment the illuminated solids to produce nanomaterials but also interact with liquid molecules, generating multiple reactive ions for chemical reactions. Consequently, various low-dimensional nanomaterials can also be generated. This study provides a comprehensive review of low-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized via PLAL, including their formation mechanisms and applications.